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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" >
+  <head>
+    <title>Programmation Internet</title>
+
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+          content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    <meta name="copyright"
+          content="Copyright &#169; 2013 Kim Nguyễn" />
+
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+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+
+    <div class="sws-slide sws-cover sws-option-nofooter">
+      <h1>Programmation Internet</h1>
+      <h1>Cours 2</h1>
+      <a href="mailto:kn@lri.fr">kn@lri.fr</a><br/>
+      <a href="http://www.lri.fr/~kn/">http://www.lri.fr/~kn</a>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="sws-slide" >
+      <h1> Plan </h1>
+      <ol >
+        <li> Systèmes d'exploitation
+          <ul class="empty">
+            <li>1.1 Principes des systèmes
+              d'exploitation &#10004;</li>
+            <li>1.2 Système de gestion de fichiers &#10004;</li>
+            <li  class="hl">1.3 Système de gestion de processus</li>
+          </ul>
+        </li>
+      </ol>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="sws-slide">
+      <h1> Définitions </h1>
+      <table class="desc">
+        <tr>
+          <td style="width:6.5em;">Programme</td> <td>séquences d'instructions effectuant
+            une tâche sur un ordinateur</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>Exécutable</td> <td>fichier binaire contenant des
+            instructions machines interprétables par le
+            microprocesseur</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><i>Thread</i> </td>
+          <td>plus petite unité de traitement (≡
+            séquence d'instructions) pouvant être ordonnancée par
+            l'OS
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>Processus</td>
+          <td> instance d'un programme (≡ « un
+            programme en cours d'exécution »). Un processus est constitué
+            de un ou plusieurs <i>threads</i>.</td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="sws-slide">
+      <h1> Exemple: programme </h1>
+      <p>Dans un fichier « <code> counter.c </code> »
+        (<span style="color:red;">attention c'est du pseudo
+          C</span>)</p>
+      <div style="float:left;clear:both;vertical-align:top;width:45%;display:inline-block;border-right: 1pt solid #494948;">
+<code > int count = 0;
+ int exit = 0;
+ void <span style="color:green;">display()</span> {
+    while (exit == 0) {
+      sleep (3);
+      printf("%i\n", count);
+    }
+ }
+ void <span style="color:red;">listen()</span> {
+    while (exit == 0) {
+      wait_connect(80);
+      count++;
+  }
+ }</code>
+      </div> <div style="vertical-align:top;display:inline-block;width:45%;">
+<code> void <span style="color:blue;">main ()</span> {
+    run_function(display);
+    run_function(listen);
+    while (getc () != '\n') { };
+    exit = 1;
+    return;
+ }</code>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="sws-slide">
+      <h1> Exemple: programme </h1>
+      <p>Compilation <br/>
+        <code>
+          gcc -o counter.exe counter.c
+        </code><br/>
+        Le <em>fichier</em> « <code>counter.exe</code> » est un
+        exécutable (fichier binaire contenant du code machine)<br/>
+        <code>
+          ./counter.exe <span style="margin-left:2em;font-size:smaller;color:red;"> ← il faut la permission +x sur le fichier</span>
+        </code>
+        <br/>
+        Le contenu de l'exécutable est copié en mémoire et le processeur
+        commence à exécuter la première instruction du programme.
+      </p>
+    </div>
+    <div class="sws-slide">
+      <h1> Exemple: <i>threads</i> </h1>
+      <ol>
+        <li class="sws-pause" ><span style="color:white;background:blue">main</span> </li>
+        <li class="sws-pause" ><span style="color:blue;">attente d'un évènement clavier
+            →</span><span style="color:red;">←changement de <i>thread</i></span>
+        </li>
+        <li class="sws-pause" ><span style="color:white;background:red">listen</span> </li>
+        <li class="sws-pause" ><span style="color:red;">attente de connexion →</span><span style="color:green;">←changement de <i>thread</i></span>
+        </li>
+        <li class="sws-pause" ><span style="color:white;background:green">display</span> (<span style="color:green;">affiche
+            0 à l'écran)</span> </li>
+        <li class="sws-pause" ><span style="color:green;">attente pendant 3s →</span> (les
+          3 <i>threads</i> attendent un évènement externe)<br/>
+          <span class="sws-pause" >nouvelle connexion sur le port 80</span> <span style="color:red;">←
+            réveil du <i>thread</i> <code style="color:red;">listen</code></span>
+        </li>
+        <li class="sws-pause" ><span style="color:white;background:red">listen</span>
+          (<span style="color:red;">incrémente <code style="color:red">count</code></span>)<br/>
+          <span style="color:red;">attente de connexion →</span><br/>
+          <span>… fin des 3s</span><br/>
+          <span style="color:green;">←
+            réveil du <i>thread</i> <code style="color:green;">display</code></span>
+        </li>
+        <li class="sws-pause" ><span style="color:white;background:green">display</span> (<span style="color:green;">affiche
+            1 à l'écran)</span> </li>
+      </ol>
+      <p class="sws-pause" >Les <i>threads</i> partagent leur mémoire (variables communes)</p>
+    </div>
+    <div class="sws-slide">
+      <h1>Exemple: processus</h1>
+      <p>(différence: les processus
+        <em>ne partagent pas leur espace mémoire</em>)</p>
+      <ol>
+        <li>Exécution de <code><span style="color:blue;">coun</span><span style="color:red;">ter</span><span style="color:green;">.exe</span></code> pendant 50㎲
+        </li>
+        <li > Exécution
+          de <code><span style="color:orange;">firefox.exe</span></code>
+          pendant 50㎲ </li>
+        <li > Exécution du processus qui dessine le bureau pendant 50
+          ㎲<br/> … </li>
+        
+      </ol>
+      <p>C'est le <em>gestionnaire de processus</em> qui décide quel
+        programme a la main et pour combien de temps (priorité aux
+        tâches critiques par exemple)<br/>
+        Le système d'exploitation stocke pour chaque processus un
+        ensemble d'informations, le PCB (<i>Process Control Block</i>).
+      </p>
+    </div>
+    <div class="sws-slide">
+      <h1>Proccess Control Block</h1>
+      <p>Le PCB contient:</p>
+      <ul>
+        <li>l'<em>identificateur du processus</em> (pid)</li>
+        <li>l'<em>l'état</em> du processus (en attente, en exécution,
+          bloqué, …)</li>
+        <li>le compteur d'instructions (<i>i.e.</i> où on en est dans
+          le programme)</li>
+        <li>le <em>contexte courant</em>(état des registres, …)</li>
+        <li>position dans <em>la file d'attente de priorité
+            globale</em></li>
+        <li>informations mémoire (zones allouées, zones accessibles,
+          zones partagées)</li>
+        <li>listes des fichiers ouverts (en lecture, en écriture),
+          liste des connexions ouvertes, … <br/> … </li>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div class="sws-slide">
+      <h1>Opérations sur les processus</h1>
+      <ul>
+        <li><em>création</em> et <em>destruction</em> de
+          processus</li>
+        <li><em>suspension</em> et <em>reprise</em></li>
+        <li><em>duplication</em> (<i>fork</i>)</li>
+        <li>modification de la <em>priorité</em></li>
+        <li>modification des <em>permissions </em></li>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div class="sws-slide">
+      <h1>États d'un processus</h1>
+      <p>Un processus change d'état au cours de son exécution</p>
+      <table class="desc">
+        <tr><td style="width:6em;">Nouveau</td> <td>le processus est en cours de création</td></tr>
+        <tr><td>Exécution</td> <td>le processus s'exécute</td></tr>
+        <tr><td>En attente</td> <td>le processus attend un évènement
+            particulier (saisie au clavier, écriture sur le disque,
+            …)</td></tr>
+        <tr><td>Prêt</td> <td>le processus est prêt à reprendre son
+            exécution et attend que l'OS lui rende la main</td></tr>
+        <tr><td>terminé</td> <td>le processus a fini son exécution</td></tr>
+      </table>
+    </div>
+    <div class="sws-slide">
+      <h1>États d'un processus</h1>
+      <p>L'OS détermine et modifie l'état d'un processus:</p>
+      <ul>
+        <li>En fonction d'évènements internes au processus:
+          <ul><li>lecture d'un fichier (si le contenu n'est pas
+              disponible, le processus passe de « prêt » à « en attente
+              »)</li>
+            <li>le processus attends volontairement pendant x
+              secondes<br/>…</li>
+          </ul>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          En fonction d'évènements externes au processus:
+          <ul><li>un fichier devient disponible</li>
+            <li>un <i>timer</i> arrive à 0</li>
+            <li>le matériel déclenche une <em>interruption</em></li>
+          </ul>
+        </li>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div class="sws-slide">
+      <h1>États d'un processus</h1>
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+    </div>
+    <div class="sws-slide">
+      <h1>La commande <code><em>ps</em></code></h1>
+      <p>Permet d'avoir des informations sur les processus en cours
+        d'exécution (voir « <code>man ps</code> » pour les
+        options):<br/>
+        <code>$ ps -o user,pid,state,cmd x
+          USER     PID   S CMD
+          …
+          kim      27030 Z [chrome] &lt;defunct&gt;
+          kim      27072 S /opt/google/chrome/chrome --type=renderer
+          kim      29146 S bash
+          kim      29834 S evince
+          kim      29858 S emacs cours.xhtml
+          kim      29869 R ps -o user,pid,state,cmd x
+        </code><br/>
+      </p>
+      
+    </div>
+    <div class="sws-slide">
+      <h1>États des processus (sous Linux)</h1>
+      <table class="desc">
+        <tr> <td>R</td> <td> <i>Running</i> (en cours d'exécution)</td> </tr>
+        <tr> <td>S</td> <td> <i>Interruptible sleep</i> (en attente,
+            interruptible) </td> </tr>
+        <tr> <td>D</td> <td> <i>Uninterruptible sleep</i> (en attente,
+            non-interruptible) </td> </tr>
+        <tr> <td>T</td> <td> <i>Stopped</i> (interrompu)</td></tr>
+        <tr> <td>Z</td> <td> <i>Zombie</i> (terminé mais toujours
+            listé par le système)</td> </tr>
+      </table>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="sws-slide">
+      <h1>Signaux</h1>
+      <p>L'OS peut envoyer des <em>signaux</em> à un processus. Sur réception
+        d'un signal, un processus peut interrompre son comportement normal
+        et exécuter son <em>gestionnaire de signal</em>. Quelques signaux:
+      </p>
+      <table class="simple">
+        <tr><th>Nom</th> <th>Code</th> <th>Description</th> </tr>
+        <tr><td>HUP</td> <td>1</td> <td>demande au processus de
+            s'interrompre</td></tr>
+        <tr><td>INT</td> <td>2</td> <td>demande au processus de se
+            terminer</td></tr>
+        <tr><td>ABRT</td> <td>2</td> <td>interrompt le processus et produit
+            un <i>dump</i></td></tr>
+        <tr><td>KILL</td> <td>9</td> <td>interrompt le processus immédiatement
+        </td></tr>
+        <tr><td>SEGV</td> <td>11</td> <td>signale au processus une erreur mémoire
+        </td></tr>
+        <tr><td>STOP</td> <td>24</td> <td>suspend l'exécution du processus
+        </td></tr>
+        <tr><td>CONT</td> <td>28</td> <td>reprend l'exécution d'un processus suspendu
+        </td></tr>
+      </table>
+    </div>
+    <div class="sws-slide">
+      <h1>Processus et terminal</h1>
+      <p >Un processus est lié au <em>terminal</em> dans lequel il est
+        lancé. Si on exécute un programme dans un terminal et que le
+        processus ne rend pas la main, le terminal est bloqué
+<code >
+
+ $ gedit
+
+</code>
+        On peut envoyer au processus le signal <em>STOP</em> en
+        tapant <code>ctrl-Z</code> dans le terminal:
+<code>
+
+ $ gedit
+ ^Z
+ [1]+  Stopped            gedit
+
+</code>
+        Le processus est suspendu, la fenêtre est gelée (ne répond plus).
+      </p>
+    </div>
+    <div class="sws-slide">
+      <h1>Processus et terminal</h1>
+      <p> <span>On peut reprendre l'exécution du programme de deux
+          manières:<br/>
+          <code> $ fg </code><br/>
+          Reprend l'exécution du processus et le remet en avant plan (terminal
+          bloqué)</span><br/>
+        <span class="sws-pause"><code> $ bg </code><br/>
+          Reprend l'exécution du processus et le remet en arrière plan (terminal
+libre)</span><br/>
+        <span class="sws-pause">On peut lancer un programme
+          directement en arrière plan en faisant:<br/>
+<code> $ gedit &amp; </code><br/></span>
+        <span class="sws-pause">On peut envoyer un signal à un
+          processus avec la commande «&nbsp;<code>kill [-signal] pid</code>&nbsp;»<br/>
+<code> $ kill -9 2345  </code></span>
+        </p>
+        </div>
+    <div class="sws-slide">
+      <h1>Processus et entrées/sorties</h1>
+      <p>Le terminal et le processus sont liés par trois fichiers
+      spéciaux:</p>
+      <ol>
+        <li> L'entrée standard (<code><em>stdin</em></code>), reliée
+          au clavier</li>
+        <li> La sortie standard (<code><em>stdout</em></code>), reliée
+          à l'affichage</li>
+        <li> La sortie d'erreur (<code><em>stderr</em></code>), reliée
+          à l'affichage</li>
+      </ol>
+      <p>Dans le <i>shell</i>, on peut utiliser les
+      opérateurs <code><em>&lt;</em></code>, <code><em>&gt;</em></code>
+      et <code><em>2&gt;</em></code> pour récupérer le contenu
+      de <code><em>stdin</em></code>, <code><em>stdout</em></code>
+      et <code><em>stderr</em></code>:<br/>
+<code>
+$ sort &lt; toto.txt
+$ ls -l  &gt; liste_fichiers.txt
+$ ls -l * 2&gt; erreurs.txt
+</code>
+</p>
+</div>
+    <div class="sws-slide">
+      <h1>Processus et entrées/sorties</h1>
+      <p>Dans le <i>shell</i>, l'opérateur <em>|</em> permet
+      d'enchaîner la sortie d'un programme avec l'entrée d'un
+      autre:<br/>
+<code> $ <span style="color:green;">ls -l *.txt</span> | <span style="color:blue">sort -n -r -k 5</span> | <span style="color:orange">head -n 1</span></code>
+      </p>
+      <ol>
+        <li style="color:green;">affiche la liste détaillée des
+        fichiers textes</li>
+        <li style="color:blue;">trie (et affiche) l'entrée standard par ordre
+        numérique décroissant selon le 5ème champ</li>
+        <li style="color:orange;">affiche la première ligne de
+        l'entrée standard</li>
+      </ol>
+      <div style="height:5em;position:relative;margin:0 0;padding:0 0;">
+<code class="sws-onframe-1" style="position:absolute;color:green;"> -rw-rw-r    1 kim kim 471 Sep 14 16:25 bd.txt
+ -rw-rw-r    1 kim kim 234 Sep 15 17:46 foo.txt
+ -rw-rw-r    1 kim kim 1048576 Sep 24 09:20 large.txt</code>
+<code class="sws-onframe-2" style="position:absolute;color:blue;"> -rw-rw-r    1 kim kim 1048576 Sep 24 09:20 large.txt
+ -rw-rw-r    1 kim kim 471 Sep 14 16:25 bd.txt
+ -rw-rw-r    1 kim kim 234 Sep 15 17:46 foo.txt
+</code>
+<code class="sws-onframe-3" style="position:absolute;color:orange;"> -rw-rw-r    1 kim kim 1048576 Sep 24 09:20 large.txt
+</code>
+      </div>
+
+    </div>
+<div class="sws-slide">
+  <h1>Processus de type <i>daemon</i></h1>
+<p>
+  Un <i>daemon</i> (prononcé démon) est un processus
+  qui <em>non-interactif</em> qui tourne en tâche de fond (pas
+  d'entrée/sortie sur le terminal, pas d'interface graphique, …). On
+  communique avec ce processus via des <em>signaux</em> ou en lisant
+  ou écrivant dans des fichiers ou connexions réseau. Le plus souvent,
+  leur but est de fournir un <em>service</em>
+</p>
+<p>Exemple de scénario: « <i> Les utilisateurs doivent interagir avec
+    le matériel. L'accès au matériel demande des droits
+    administrateur.</i> »
+</p>
+<ul class="empty">
+  <li>Solution 1 : tout le monde est administrateur (DOS, Win XP,
+  …)</li>
+  <li>Solution 2 : on crée un programme particulier qui a les
+  privilèges suffisants pour la tâche en question. Les utilisateurs
+  communiquent avec ce programme</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sws-slide">
+  <h1>Quelques <i>daemons</i> sous Linux</h1>
+<table class="simple">
+<tr><th>Nom</th> <th>Description</th> </tr>
+<tr><td>sshd</td> <td><i>shell</i> distant sécurisé</td> </tr>
+<tr><td>crond</td> <td>exécution périodique de programmes</td> </tr>
+<tr><td>cupsd</td> <td>serveur d'impressions</td> </tr>
+<tr><td>pulseaudio</td> <td>serveur de son (mixe les sons des
+    différentes applications)</td> </tr>
+<tr><td>udevd</td> <td>détection de matériel <i>hotplug</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>nfsd</td> <td>serveur de fichier réseau</td></tr>
+<tr><td>smtpd</td> <td>livraison des e-mail</td></tr>
+<tr class="sws-pause"><td><em>httpd</em></td> <td>serveur de pages Web</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="sws-slide">
+<h1>Architecture client-serveur</h1>
+<svg
+   xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
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+<p>
+  <br/><br/>
+  Des processus <span style="color:blue;">clients</span> communiquent
+  avec le <span style="color:orange;">serveur</span> à travers le
+  réseau. Les clients sont indépendant et ne communiquent pas entre
+  eux. <em>Attention</em> plusieurs clients peuvent se trouver su la
+  même machine physique!
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sws-slide">
+  <h1>Architecture client-serveur</h1>
+<ul>
+  <li>Le serveur attend des connexions entrantes</li>
+  <li>Les clients peuvent se connecter à tout moment</li>
+  <li>L'application client est généralement légère, envoie une
+  requête au serveur et attend un résultat</li>
+  <li>Le serveur est une application plus lourde qui:
+    <ul><li>effectue des calculs trop coûteux pour le client</li>
+      <li>gère l'accès à une ressource distante partagée<br/>…</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul>
+<p>Exemples: serveur de bases de données, serveur mail, serveur Web,
+  terminal de carte bancaire, …</p>
+</div>
+  </body>
+</html>