Implement table of content.
[hacks/simpleWebSlides.git] / prog_internet / prog_internet_03.xhtml
index fa93d63..b3dd771 100644 (file)
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
           >
 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" >
   <head>
-    <title>Programmation Internet</title>
+    <title>Réseaux, TCP/IP</title>
 
     <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
           content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
     </style>
   </head>
   <body>
-
+    <a class="sws-previous" href="prog_internet_02.xhtml" />
     <div class="sws-slide sws-cover sws-option-nofooter">
       <h1>Programmation Internet</h1>
       <h1>Cours 2</h1>
       <a href="http://www.lri.fr/~kn/">http://www.lri.fr/~kn</a>
     </div>
 
-    <div class="sws-slide" >
-      <h1> Plan </h1>
-      <ol >
-        <li> Systèmes d'exploitation &#10004;
-          <li class="hi"> Réseau et Internet 
-            <ul class="empty">
-              <li class="hi"> 2.1 Principes des réseaux</li>
-              <li> 2.2 TCP/IP</li>
-              <li> 3
-            </ul>
-        </li>
-      </ol>
-    </div>
-
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1> Définitions </h1>
-      <table class="desc">
-        <tr>
-          <td style="width:6.5em;">Programme</td> <td>séquences d'instructions effectuant
-            une tâche sur un ordinateur</td>
-        </tr>
-        <tr>
-          <td>Exécutable</td> <td>fichier binaire contenant des
-            instructions machines interprétables par le
-            microprocesseur</td>
-        </tr>
-        <tr>
-          <td><i>Thread</i> </td>
-          <td>plus petite unité de traitement (≡
-            séquence d'instructions) pouvant être ordonnancée par
-            l'OS
-          </td>
-        </tr>
-        <tr>
-          <td>Processus</td>
-          <td> instance d'un programme (≡ « un
-            programme en cours d'exécution »). Un processus est constitué
-            de un ou plusieurs <i>threads</i>.</td>
-        </tr>
-      </table>
-    </div>
-
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1> Exemple: programme </h1>
-      <p>Dans un fichier « <code> counter.c </code> »
-        (<span style="color:red;">attention c'est du pseudo
-          C</span>)</p>
-      <div style="float:left;clear:both;vertical-align:top;width:45%;display:inline-block;border-right: 1pt solid #494948;">
-<code > int count = 0;
- int exit = 0;
- void <span style="color:green;">display()</span> {
-    while (exit == 0) {
-      sleep (3);
-      printf("%i\n", count);
-    }
- }
- void <span style="color:red;">listen()</span> {
-    while (exit == 0) {
-      wait_connect(80);
-      count++;
-  }
- }</code>
-      </div> <div style="vertical-align:top;display:inline-block;width:45%;">
-<code> void <span style="color:blue;">main ()</span> {
-    run_function(display);
-    run_function(listen);
-    while (getc () != '\n') { };
-    exit = 1;
-    return;
- }</code>
-      </div>
-    </div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1> Exemple: programme </h1>
-      <p>Compilation <br/>
-        <code>
-          gcc -o counter.exe counter.c
-        </code><br/>
-        Le <em>fichier</em> « <code>counter.exe</code> » est un
-        exécutable (fichier binaire contenant du code machine)<br/>
-        <code>
-          ./counter.exe <span style="margin-left:2em;font-size:smaller;color:red;"> ← il faut la permission +x sur le fichier</span>
-        </code>
-        <br/>
-        Le contenu de l'exécutable est copié en mémoire et le processeur
-        commence à exécuter la première instruction du programme.
-      </p>
-    </div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1> Exemple: <i>threads</i> </h1>
-      <ol>
-        <li class="sws-pause" ><span style="color:white;background:blue">main</span> </li>
-        <li class="sws-pause" ><span style="color:blue;">attente d'un évènement clavier
-            →</span><span style="color:red;">←changement de <i>thread</i></span>
-        </li>
-        <li class="sws-pause" ><span style="color:white;background:red">listen</span> </li>
-        <li class="sws-pause" ><span style="color:red;">attente de connexion →</span><span style="color:green;">←changement de <i>thread</i></span>
-        </li>
-        <li class="sws-pause" ><span style="color:white;background:green">display</span> (<span style="color:green;">affiche
-            0 à l'écran)</span> </li>
-        <li class="sws-pause" ><span style="color:green;">attente pendant 3s →</span> (les
-          3 <i>threads</i> attendent un évènement externe)<br/>
-          <span class="sws-pause" >nouvelle connexion sur le port 80</span> <span style="color:red;">←
-            réveil du <i>thread</i> <code style="color:red;">listen</code></span>
-        </li>
-        <li class="sws-pause" ><span style="color:white;background:red">listen</span>
-          (<span style="color:red;">incrémente <code style="color:red">count</code></span>)<br/>
-          <span style="color:red;">attente de connexion →</span><br/>
-          <span>… fin des 3s</span><br/>
-          <span style="color:green;">←
-            réveil du <i>thread</i> <code style="color:green;">display</code></span>
-        </li>
-        <li class="sws-pause" ><span style="color:white;background:green">display</span> (<span style="color:green;">affiche
-            1 à l'écran)</span> </li>
-      </ol>
-      <p class="sws-pause" >Les <i>threads</i> partagent leur mémoire (variables communes)</p>
-    </div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>Exemple: processus</h1>
-      <p>(différence: les processus
-        <em>ne partagent pas leur espace mémoire</em>)</p>
-      <ol>
-        <li>Exécution de <code><span style="color:blue;">coun</span><span style="color:red;">ter</span><span style="color:green;">.exe</span></code> pendant 50㎲
-        </li>
-        <li > Exécution
-          de <code><span style="color:orange;">firefox.exe</span></code>
-          pendant 50㎲ </li>
-        <li > Exécution du processus qui dessine le bureau pendant 50
-          ㎲<br/> … </li>
-        
-      </ol>
-      <p>C'est le <em>gestionnaire de processus</em> qui décide quel
-        programme a la main et pour combien de temps (priorité aux
-        tâches critiques par exemple)<br/>
-        Le système d'exploitation stocke pour chaque processus un
-        ensemble d'informations, le PCB (<i>Process Control Block</i>).
-      </p>
-    </div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>Proccess Control Block</h1>
-      <p>Le PCB contient:</p>
-      <ul>
-        <li>l'<em>identificateur du processus</em> (pid)</li>
-        <li>l'<em>l'état</em> du processus (en attente, en exécution,
-          bloqué, …)</li>
-        <li>le compteur d'instructions (<i>i.e.</i> où on en est dans
-          le programme)</li>
-        <li>le <em>contexte courant</em>(état des registres, …)</li>
-        <li>position dans <em>la file d'attente de priorité
-            globale</em></li>
-        <li>informations mémoire (zones allouées, zones accessibles,
-          zones partagées)</li>
-        <li>listes des fichiers ouverts (en lecture, en écriture),
-          liste des connexions ouvertes, … <br/> … </li>
-      </ul>
-    </div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>Opérations sur les processus</h1>
-      <ul>
-        <li><em>création</em> et <em>destruction</em> de
-          processus</li>
-        <li><em>suspension</em> et <em>reprise</em></li>
-        <li><em>duplication</em> (<i>fork</i>)</li>
-        <li>modification de la <em>priorité</em></li>
-        <li>modification des <em>permissions </em></li>
-      </ul>
-    </div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>États d'un processus</h1>
-      <p>Un processus change d'état au cours de son exécution</p>
-      <table class="desc">
-        <tr><td style="width:6em;">Nouveau</td> <td>le processus est en cours de création</td></tr>
-        <tr><td>Exécution</td> <td>le processus s'exécute</td></tr>
-        <tr><td>En attente</td> <td>le processus attend un évènement
-            particulier (saisie au clavier, écriture sur le disque,
-            …)</td></tr>
-        <tr><td>Prêt</td> <td>le processus est prêt à reprendre son
-            exécution et attend que l'OS lui rende la main</td></tr>
-        <tr><td>terminé</td> <td>le processus a fini son exécution</td></tr>
-      </table>
-    </div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>États d'un processus</h1>
-      <p>L'OS détermine et modifie l'état d'un processus:</p>
-      <ul>
-        <li>En fonction d'évènements internes au processus:
-          <ul><li>lecture d'un fichier (si le contenu n'est pas
-              disponible, le processus passe de « prêt » à « en attente
-              »)</li>
-            <li>le processus attends volontairement pendant x
-              secondes<br/>…</li>
-          </ul>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          En fonction d'évènements externes au processus:
-          <ul><li>un fichier devient disponible</li>
-            <li>un <i>timer</i> arrive à 0</li>
-            <li>le matériel déclenche une <em>interruption</em></li>
-          </ul>
-        </li>
-      </ul>
-    </div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>États d'un processus</h1>
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-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>La commande <code><em>ps</em></code></h1>
-      <p>Permet d'avoir des informations sur les processus en cours
-        d'exécution (voir « <code>man ps</code> » pour les
-        options):<br/>
-        <code>$ ps -o user,pid,state,cmd x
-          USER     PID   S CMD
-          …
-          kim      27030 Z [chrome] &lt;defunct&gt;
-          kim      27072 S /opt/google/chrome/chrome --type=renderer
-          kim      29146 S bash
-          kim      29834 S evince
-          kim      29858 S emacs cours.xhtml
-          kim      29869 R ps -o user,pid,state,cmd x
-        </code><br/>
-      </p>
-      
-    </div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>États des processus (sous Linux)</h1>
-      <table class="desc">
-        <tr> <td>R</td> <td> <i>Running</i> (en cours d'exécution)</td> </tr>
-        <tr> <td>S</td> <td> <i>Interruptible sleep</i> (en attente,
-            interruptible) </td> </tr>
-        <tr> <td>D</td> <td> <i>Uninterruptible sleep</i> (en attente,
-            non-interruptible) </td> </tr>
-        <tr> <td>T</td> <td> <i>Stopped</i> (interrompu)</td></tr>
-        <tr> <td>Z</td> <td> <i>Zombie</i> (terminé mais toujours
-            listé par le système)</td> </tr>
-      </table>
-    </div>
-
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>Signaux</h1>
-      <p>L'OS peut envoyer des <em>signaux</em> à un processus. Sur réception
-        d'un signal, un processus peut interrompre son comportement normal
-        et exécuter son <em>gestionnaire de signal</em>. Quelques signaux:
-      </p>
-      <table class="simple">
-        <tr><th>Nom</th> <th>Code</th> <th>Description</th> </tr>
-        <tr><td>HUP</td> <td>1</td> <td>demande au processus de
-            s'interrompre</td></tr>
-        <tr><td>INT</td> <td>2</td> <td>demande au processus de se
-            terminer</td></tr>
-        <tr><td>ABRT</td> <td>2</td> <td>interrompt le processus et produit
-            un <i>dump</i></td></tr>
-        <tr><td>KILL</td> <td>9</td> <td>interrompt le processus immédiatement
-        </td></tr>
-        <tr><td>SEGV</td> <td>11</td> <td>signale au processus une erreur mémoire
-        </td></tr>
-        <tr><td>STOP</td> <td>24</td> <td>suspend l'exécution du processus
-        </td></tr>
-        <tr><td>CONT</td> <td>28</td> <td>reprend l'exécution d'un processus suspendu
-        </td></tr>
-      </table>
-    </div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>Processus et terminal</h1>
-      <p >Un processus est lié au <em>terminal</em> dans lequel il est
-        lancé. Si on exécute un programme dans un terminal et que le
-        processus ne rend pas la main, le terminal est bloqué
-<code >
-
- $ gedit
-
-</code>
-        On peut envoyer au processus le signal <em>STOP</em> en
-        tapant <code>ctrl-Z</code> dans le terminal:
-<code>
-
- $ gedit
- ^Z
- [1]+  Stopped            gedit
 
-</code>
-        Le processus est suspendu, la fenêtre est gelée (ne répond plus).
-      </p>
-    </div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>Processus et terminal</h1>
-      <p> <span>On peut reprendre l'exécution du programme de deux
-          manières:<br/>
-          <code> $ fg </code><br/>
-          Reprend l'exécution du processus et le remet en avant plan (terminal
-          bloqué)</span><br/>
-        <span class="sws-pause"><code> $ bg </code><br/>
-          Reprend l'exécution du processus et le remet en arrière plan (terminal
-libre)</span><br/>
-        <span class="sws-pause">On peut lancer un programme
-          directement en arrière plan en faisant:<br/>
-<code> $ gedit &amp; </code><br/></span>
-        <span class="sws-pause">On peut envoyer un signal à un
-          processus avec la commande «&nbsp;<code>kill [-signal] pid</code>&nbsp;»<br/>
-<code> $ kill -9 2345  </code></span>
-        </p>
-        </div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>Processus et entrées/sorties</h1>
-      <p>Le terminal et le processus sont liés par trois fichiers
-      spéciaux:</p>
-      <ol>
-        <li> L'entrée standard (<code><em>stdin</em></code>), reliée
-          au clavier</li>
-        <li> La sortie standard (<code><em>stdout</em></code>), reliée
-          à l'affichage</li>
-        <li> La sortie d'erreur (<code><em>stderr</em></code>), reliée
-          à l'affichage</li>
-      </ol>
-      <p>Dans le <i>shell</i>, on peut utiliser les
-      opérateurs <code><em>&lt;</em></code>, <code><em>&gt;</em></code>
-      et <code><em>2&gt;</em></code> pour récupérer le contenu
-      de <code><em>stdin</em></code>, <code><em>stdout</em></code>
-      et <code><em>stderr</em></code>:<br/>
-<code>
-$ sort &lt; toto.txt
-$ ls -l  &gt; liste_fichiers.txt
-$ ls -l * 2&gt; erreurs.txt
-</code>
-</p>
-</div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>Processus et entrées/sorties</h1>
-      <p>Dans le <i>shell</i>, l'opérateur <em>|</em> permet
-      d'enchaîner la sortie d'un programme avec l'entrée d'un
-      autre:<br/>
-<code> $ <span style="color:green;">ls -l *.txt</span> | <span style="color:blue">sort -n -r -k 5</span> | <span style="color:orange">head -n 1</span></code>
-      </p>
-      <ol>
-        <li style="color:green;">affiche la liste détaillée des
-        fichiers textes</li>
-        <li style="color:blue;">trie (et affiche) l'entrée standard par ordre
-        numérique décroissant selon le 5ème champ</li>
-        <li style="color:orange;">affiche la première ligne de
-        l'entrée standard</li>
-      </ol>
-      <div style="height:5em;position:relative;margin:0 0;padding:0 0;">
-<code class="sws-onframe-1" style="position:absolute;color:green;"> -rw-rw-r    1 kim kim 471 Sep 14 16:25 bd.txt
- -rw-rw-r    1 kim kim 234 Sep 15 17:46 foo.txt
- -rw-rw-r    1 kim kim 1048576 Sep 24 09:20 large.txt</code>
-<code class="sws-onframe-2" style="position:absolute;color:blue;"> -rw-rw-r    1 kim kim 1048576 Sep 24 09:20 large.txt
- -rw-rw-r    1 kim kim 471 Sep 14 16:25 bd.txt
- -rw-rw-r    1 kim kim 234 Sep 15 17:46 foo.txt
-</code>
-<code class="sws-onframe-3" style="position:absolute;color:orange;"> -rw-rw-r    1 kim kim 1048576 Sep 24 09:20 large.txt
-</code>
-      </div>
-
-    </div>
-<div class="sws-slide">
-  <h1>Processus de type <i>daemon</i></h1>
-<p>
-  Un <i>daemon</i> (prononcé démon) est un processus
-  qui <em>non-interactif</em> qui tourne en tâche de fond (pas
-  d'entrée/sortie sur le terminal, pas d'interface graphique, …). On
-  communique avec ce processus via des <em>signaux</em> ou en lisant
-  ou écrivant dans des fichiers ou connexions réseau. Le plus souvent,
-  leur but est de fournir un <em>service</em>
-</p>
-<p>Exemple de scénario: « <i> Les utilisateurs doivent interagir avec
-    le matériel. L'accès au matériel demande des droits
-    administrateur.</i> »
-</p>
-<ul class="empty">
-  <li>Solution 1 : tout le monde est administrateur (DOS, Win XP,
-  …)</li>
-  <li>Solution 2 : on crée un programme particulier qui a les
-  privilèges suffisants pour la tâche en question. Les utilisateurs
-  communiquent avec ce programme</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<div class="sws-slide">
-  <h1>Quelques <i>daemons</i> sous Linux</h1>
-<table class="simple">
-<tr><th>Nom</th> <th>Description</th> </tr>
-<tr><td>sshd</td> <td><i>shell</i> distant sécurisé</td> </tr>
-<tr><td>crond</td> <td>exécution périodique de programmes</td> </tr>
-<tr><td>cupsd</td> <td>serveur d'impressions</td> </tr>
-<tr><td>pulseaudio</td> <td>serveur de son (mixe les sons des
-    différentes applications)</td> </tr>
-<tr><td>udevd</td> <td>détection de matériel <i>hotplug</i></td></tr>
-<tr><td>nfsd</td> <td>serveur de fichier réseau</td></tr>
-<tr><td>smtpd</td> <td>livraison des e-mail</td></tr>
-<tr class="sws-pause"><td><em>httpd</em></td> <td>serveur de pages Web</td></tr>
-</table>
-</div>
-<div class="sws-slide">
-<h1>Architecture client-serveur</h1>
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-  <br/><br/>
-  Des processus <span style="color:blue;">clients</span> communiquent
-  avec le <span style="color:orange;">serveur</span> à travers le
-  réseau. Les clients sont indépendant et ne communiquent pas entre
-  eux. <em>Attention</em> plusieurs clients peuvent se trouver su la
-  même machine physique!
-</p>
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-<div class="sws-slide">
-  <h1>Architecture client-serveur</h1>
-<ul>
-  <li>Le serveur attend des connexions entrantes</li>
-  <li>Les clients peuvent se connecter à tout moment</li>
-  <li>L'application client est généralement légère, envoie une
-  requête au serveur et attend un résultat</li>
-  <li>Le serveur est une application plus lourde qui:
-    <ul><li>effectue des calculs trop coûteux pour le client</li>
-      <li>gère l'accès à une ressource distante partagée<br/>…</li>
-    </ul>
-  </li>
-</ul>
-<p>Exemples: serveur de bases de données, serveur mail, serveur Web,
-  terminal de carte bancaire, …</p>
-</div>
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