.Merge branch 'master' of ssh://git.nguyen.vg/hacks/simpleWebSlides
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-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
-          "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"
-          >
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" >
-  <head>
-    <title>Systèmes d'exploitation (2/2)</title>
-
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
-          content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
-    <meta name="copyright"
-          content="Copyright &#169; 2013 Kim Nguyễn" />
-
-    <!-- Load jQuery -->
-    <script src="../jquery-1.9.1.min.js" type="text/javascript" ></script>
-    <!-- Load the library -->
-    <script src="../simpleWebSlides.js" type="text/javascript" ></script>
-
-    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../simpleWebSlides.css" type="text/css"  media="all" />
-    <!-- Load a custom Theme, the class-element marks this style-sheet
-         a "theme" that can be swtiched dynamicaly -->
-    <link class="sws-theme" rel="stylesheet"  title="U-Psud style"  href="../themes/uPsud.css" type="text/css" />
-
-    <!-- Customize some templates and initialize -->
-
-    <script type="text/javascript">
-      SWS.Config['sws-slide-change'] = SWS.Effects.slideChangeFadeOutIn;
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-
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-    <style>
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-    </style>
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <a href="unix_prog_web_01.xhtml" class="sws-previous" />
-    <div class="sws-slide sws-cover sws-option-nofooter">
-      <h1>Unix et Programmation Web</h1>
-      <h1>Cours 2</h1>
-      <a href="mailto:kn@lri.fr">kn@lri.fr</a><br/>
-      <a href="http://www.lri.fr/~kn/">http://www.lri.fr/~kn</a>
-    </div>
-<h1> Gestion des processus</h1>
-
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1> Définitions </h1>
-      <table class="desc">
-        <tr>
-          <td style="width:6.5em;">Programme</td> <td>séquences d'instructions effectuant
-            une tâche sur un ordinateur</td>
-        </tr>
-        <tr>
-          <td>Exécutable</td> <td>fichier binaire contenant des
-            instructions machines interprétables par le
-            microprocesseur</td>
-        </tr>
-        <tr>
-          <td><i>Thread</i> </td>
-          <td>plus petite unité de traitement (≡
-            séquence d'instructions) pouvant être ordonnancée par
-            l'OS
-          </td>
-        </tr>
-        <tr>
-          <td>Processus</td>
-          <td> instance d'un programme (≡ « un
-            programme en cours d'exécution »). Un processus est constitué
-            de un ou plusieurs <i>threads</i>.</td>
-        </tr>
-      </table>
-    </div>
-
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1> Exemple: programme </h1>
-      <p>Dans un fichier « <tt> counter.c </tt> »
-        (<span style="color:red;">attention c'est du pseudo
-          C</span>)</p>
-      <div style="float:left;clear:both;vertical-align:top;width:45%;display:inline-block;border-right: 1pt solid #494948;">
-<code > int count = 0;
- int exit = 0;
- void <span style="color:green;">display()</span> {
-    while (exit == 0) {
-      sleep (3);
-      printf("%i\n", count);
-    }
- }
- void <span style="color:red;">listen()</span> {
-    while (exit == 0) {
-      wait_connect(80);
-      count++;
-  }
- }</code>
-      </div> <div style="vertical-align:top;display:inline-block;width:45%;">
-<code> void <span style="color:blue;">main ()</span> {
-    run_function(display);
-    run_function(listen);
-    while (getc () != '\n') { };
-    exit = 1;
-    return;
- }</code>
-      </div>
-    </div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1> Exemple: programme </h1>
-      <p>Compilation <br/>
-        <code>
-          gcc -o counter.exe counter.c
-        </code><br/>
-        Le <em>fichier</em> « <tt>counter.exe</tt> » est un
-        exécutable (fichier binaire contenant du code machine)<br/>
-        <code>
-          ./counter.exe <span style="margin-left:2em;font-size:smaller;color:red;"> ← il faut la permission +x sur le fichier</span>
-        </code>
-        <br/>
-        Le contenu de l'exécutable est copié en mémoire et le processeur
-        commence à exécuter la première instruction du programme.
-      </p>
-    </div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1> Exemple: <i>threads</i> </h1>
-      <ol>
-        <li class="sws-pause" ><span style="color:white;background:blue">main</span> </li>
-        <li class="sws-pause" ><span style="color:blue;">attente d'un évènement clavier
-            →</span><span style="color:red;">←changement de <i>thread</i></span>
-        </li>
-        <li class="sws-pause" ><span style="color:white;background:red">listen</span> </li>
-        <li class="sws-pause" ><span style="color:red;">attente de connexion →</span><span style="color:green;">←changement de <i>thread</i></span>
-        </li>
-        <li class="sws-pause" ><span style="color:white;background:green">display</span> (<span style="color:green;">affiche
-            0 à l'écran)</span> </li>
-        <li class="sws-pause" ><span style="color:green;">attente pendant 3s →</span> (les
-          3 <i>threads</i> attendent un évènement externe)<br/>
-          <span class="sws-pause" >nouvelle connexion sur le port 80</span> <span style="color:red;">←
-            réveil du <i>thread</i> <code style="color:red;">listen</code></span>
-        </li>
-        <li class="sws-pause" ><span style="color:white;background:red">listen</span>
-          (<span style="color:red;">incrémente <tt style="color:red">count</tt></span>)<br/>
-          <span style="color:red;">attente de connexion →</span><br/>
-          <span>… fin des 3s</span><br/>
-          <span style="color:green;">←
-            réveil du <i>thread</i> <tt style="color:green;">display</tt></span>
-        </li>
-        <li class="sws-pause" ><span style="color:white;background:green">display</span> (<span style="color:green;">affiche
-            1 à l'écran)</span> </li>
-      </ol>
-      <p class="sws-pause" >Les <i>threads</i> partagent leur mémoire (variables communes)</p>
-    </div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>Exemple: processus</h1>
-      <p>(différence: les processus
-        <em>ne partagent pas leur espace mémoire</em>)</p>
-      <ol>
-        <li>Exécution de <code><span style="color:blue;">coun</span><span style="color:red;">ter</span><span style="color:green;">.exe</span></code> pendant 50㎲
-        </li>
-        <li > Exécution
-          de <code><span style="color:orange;">firefox.exe</span></code>
-          pendant 50㎲ </li>
-        <li > Exécution du processus qui dessine le bureau pendant 50
-          ㎲<br/> … </li>
-
-      </ol>
-      <p>C'est le <em>gestionnaire de processus</em> qui décide quel
-        programme a la main et pour combien de temps (priorité aux
-        tâches critiques par exemple)<br/>
-        Le système d'exploitation stocke pour chaque processus un
-        ensemble d'informations, le PCB (<i>Process Control Block</i>).
-      </p>
-    </div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>Proccess Control Block</h1>
-      <p>Le PCB contient:</p>
-      <ul>
-        <li>l'<em>identificateur du processus</em> (pid)</li>
-        <li>l'<em>l'état</em> du processus (en attente, en exécution,
-          bloqué, …)</li>
-        <li>le compteur d'instructions (<i>i.e.</i> où on en est dans
-          le programme)</li>
-        <li>le <em>contexte courant</em>(état des registres, …)</li>
-        <li>position dans <em>la file d'attente de priorité
-            globale</em></li>
-        <li>informations mémoire (zones allouées, zones accessibles,
-          zones partagées)</li>
-        <li>listes des fichiers ouverts (en lecture, en écriture),
-          liste des connexions ouvertes, … <br/> … </li>
-      </ul>
-    </div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>Opérations sur les processus</h1>
-      <ul>
-        <li><em>création</em> et <em>destruction</em> de
-          processus</li>
-        <li><em>suspension</em> et <em>reprise</em></li>
-        <li><em>duplication</em> (<i>fork</i>)</li>
-        <li>modification de la <em>priorité</em></li>
-        <li>modification des <em>permissions </em></li>
-      </ul>
-    </div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>États d'un processus</h1>
-      <p>Un processus change d'état au cours de son exécution</p>
-      <table class="desc">
-        <tr><td style="width:6em;">Nouveau</td> <td>le processus est en cours de création</td></tr>
-        <tr><td>Exécution</td> <td>le processus s'exécute</td></tr>
-        <tr><td>En attente</td> <td>le processus attend un évènement
-            particulier (saisie au clavier, écriture sur le disque,
-            …)</td></tr>
-        <tr><td>Prêt</td> <td>le processus est prêt à reprendre son
-            exécution et attend que l'OS lui rende la main</td></tr>
-        <tr><td>terminé</td> <td>le processus a fini son exécution</td></tr>
-      </table>
-    </div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>États d'un processus</h1>
-      <p>L'OS détermine et modifie l'état d'un processus:</p>
-      <ul>
-        <li>En fonction d'évènements internes au processus:
-          <ul><li>lecture d'un fichier (si le contenu n'est pas
-              disponible, le processus passe de « prêt » à « en attente
-              »)</li>
-            <li>le processus attends volontairement pendant x
-              secondes<br/>…</li>
-          </ul>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          En fonction d'évènements externes au processus:
-          <ul><li>un fichier devient disponible</li>
-            <li>un <i>timer</i> arrive à 0</li>
-            <li>le matériel déclenche une <em>interruption</em></li>
-          </ul>
-        </li>
-      </ul>
-    </div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>États d'un processus</h1>
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-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>La commande <code><em>ps</em></code></h1>
-      <p>Permet d'avoir des informations sur les processus en cours
-        d'exécution (voir « <tt>man ps</tt> » pour les
-        options):<br/>
-        <code>$ ps -o user,pid,state,cmd x
-          USER     PID   S CMD
-          …
-          kim      27030 Z [chrome] &lt;defunct&gt;
-          kim      27072 S /opt/google/chrome/chrome --type=renderer
-          kim      29146 S bash
-          kim      29834 S evince
-          kim      29858 S emacs cours.xhtml
-          kim      29869 R ps -o user,pid,state,cmd x
-        </code><br/>
-      </p>
-
-    </div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>États des processus (sous Linux)</h1>
-      <table class="desc">
-        <tr> <td>R</td> <td> <i>Running</i> (en cours d'exécution)</td> </tr>
-        <tr> <td>S</td> <td> <i>Interruptible sleep</i> (en attente,
-            interruptible) </td> </tr>
-        <tr> <td>D</td> <td> <i>Uninterruptible sleep</i> (en attente,
-            non-interruptible) </td> </tr>
-        <tr> <td>T</td> <td> <i>Stopped</i> (interrompu)</td></tr>
-        <tr> <td>Z</td> <td> <i>Zombie</i> (terminé mais toujours
-            listé par le système)</td> </tr>
-      </table>
-    </div>
-
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>Signaux</h1>
-      <p>L'OS peut envoyer des <em>signaux</em> à un processus. Sur réception
-        d'un signal, un processus peut interrompre son comportement normal
-        et exécuter son <em>gestionnaire de signal</em>. Quelques signaux:
-      </p>
-      <table class="simple">
-        <tr><th>Nom</th> <th>Code</th> <th>Description</th> </tr>
-        <tr><td>HUP</td> <td>1</td> <td>demande au processus de
-            s'interrompre</td></tr>
-        <tr><td>INT</td> <td>2</td> <td>demande au processus de se
-            terminer</td></tr>
-        <tr><td>ABRT</td> <td>2</td> <td>interrompt le processus et produit
-            un <i>dump</i></td></tr>
-        <tr><td>KILL</td> <td>9</td> <td>interrompt le processus immédiatement
-        </td></tr>
-        <tr><td>SEGV</td> <td>11</td> <td>signale au processus une erreur mémoire
-        </td></tr>
-        <tr><td>STOP</td> <td>24</td> <td>suspend l'exécution du processus
-        </td></tr>
-        <tr><td>CONT</td> <td>28</td> <td>reprend l'exécution d'un processus suspendu
-        </td></tr>
-      </table>
-    </div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>Processus et terminal</h1>
-      <p >Un processus est lié au <em>terminal</em> dans lequel il est
-        lancé. Si on exécute un programme dans un terminal et que le
-        processus ne rend pas la main, le terminal est bloqué
-<code >
-
- $ gedit
-
-</code>
-        On peut envoyer au processus le signal <em>STOP</em> en
-        tapant <code>ctrl-Z</code> dans le terminal:
-<code>
-
- $ gedit
- ^Z
- [1]+  Stopped            gedit
-
-</code>
-        Le processus est suspendu, la fenêtre est gelée (ne répond plus).
-      </p>
-    </div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>Processus et terminal</h1>
-      <p> <span>On peut reprendre l'exécution du programme de deux
-          manières:<br/>
-          <code> $ fg </code><br/>
-          Reprend l'exécution du processus et le remet en avant plan (terminal
-          bloqué)</span><br/>
-        <span class="sws-pause"><code> $ bg </code><br/>
-          Reprend l'exécution du processus et le remet en arrière plan (terminal
-libre)</span><br/>
-        <span class="sws-pause">On peut lancer un programme
-          directement en arrière plan en faisant:<br/>
-<code> $ gedit &amp; </code><br/></span>
-        <span class="sws-pause">On peut envoyer un signal à un
-          processus avec la commande «&nbsp;<tt>kill [-signal] pid</tt>&nbsp;»<br/>
-<code> $ kill -9 2345  </code></span>
-        </p>
-        </div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>Processus et entrées/sorties</h1>
-      <p>Le terminal et le processus sont liés par trois fichiers
-      spéciaux:</p>
-      <ol>
-        <li> L'entrée standard (<tt><em>stdin</em></tt>), reliée
-          au clavier</li>
-        <li> La sortie standard (<tt><em>stdout</em></tt>), reliée
-          à l'affichage</li>
-        <li> La sortie d'erreur (<tt><em>stderr</em></tt>), reliée
-          à l'affichage</li>
-      </ol>
-      <p>Dans le <i>shell</i>, on peut utiliser les
-      opérateurs <tt><em>&lt;</em></tt>, <tt><em>&gt;</em></tt>
-      et <tt><em>2&gt;</em></tt> pour récupérer le contenu
-      de <tt><em>stdin</em></tt>, <tt><em>stdout</em></tt>
-      et <tt><em>stderr</em></tt>:<br/>
-<code>
-$ sort &lt; toto.txt
-$ ls -l  &gt; liste_fichiers.txt
-$ ls -l * 2&gt; erreurs.txt
-</code>
-</p>
-</div>
-    <div class="sws-slide">
-      <h1>Processus et entrées/sorties</h1>
-      <p>Dans le <i>shell</i>, l'opérateur <em>|</em> permet
-      d'enchaîner la sortie d'un programme avec l'entrée d'un
-      autre:<br/>
-<code> $ <span style="color:green;">ls -l *.txt</span> | <span style="color:blue">sort -n -r -k 5</span> | <span style="color:orange">head -n 1</span></code>
-      </p>
-      <ol>
-        <li style="color:green;">affiche la liste détaillée des
-        fichiers textes</li>
-        <li style="color:blue;">trie (et affiche) l'entrée standard par ordre
-        numérique décroissant selon le 5ème champ</li>
-        <li style="color:orange;">affiche la première ligne de
-        l'entrée standard</li>
-      </ol>
-      <div style="height:5em;position:relative;margin:0 0;padding:0 0;">
-<code class="sws-onframe-1" style="position:absolute;color:green;"> -rw-rw-r    1 kim kim 471 Sep 14 16:25 bd.txt
- -rw-rw-r    1 kim kim 234 Sep 15 17:46 foo.txt
- -rw-rw-r    1 kim kim 1048576 Sep 24 09:20 large.txt</code>
-<code class="sws-onframe-2" style="position:absolute;color:blue;"> -rw-rw-r    1 kim kim 1048576 Sep 24 09:20 large.txt
- -rw-rw-r    1 kim kim 471 Sep 14 16:25 bd.txt
- -rw-rw-r    1 kim kim 234 Sep 15 17:46 foo.txt
-</code>
-<code class="sws-onframe-3" style="position:absolute;color:orange;"> -rw-rw-r    1 kim kim 1048576 Sep 24 09:20 large.txt
-</code>
-      </div>
-
-    </div>
-
-<h1>Écriture de script <i>shell</i></h1>
-<div class="sws-slide">
-  <h1>Script shell</h1>
-  <p><a>Mentalité Unix</a> beaucoup de petits programmes spécifiques,
-  que l'on combine au moyen de scripts pour réaliser des actions
-  complexes. Exemple de fichier script:
-  </p>
-  <code style="background:white;">
-    <s>#!/bin/bash</s>
-
-    <s>for</s> i <s>in</s>  img_*.jpg
-    <s>do</s>
-      base=$(echo "$i" | cut -f 2- -d '_')
-      nouveau=photo_"$base"
-      <s>if</s> test -f "$nouveau"
-      <s>then</s>
-         echo "Attention, le fichier $nouveau existe déjà"
-         continue
-      <s>else</s>
-         echo "Renommage de $i en $nouveau"
-         mv "$i" "$nouveau"
-      <s>fi</s>
-    <s>done</s>
-  </code>
-</div>
-<div class="sws-slide">
-<h1>Rendre un script exécutable</h1>
-<p>Si un fichier <a>texte</a> (quel que soit son extension), commence
-  par les caractères <tt>#!/chemin/vers/un/programme</tt>, on peut
-  rendre ce fichier exécutable (<tt>chmod +x</tt>). Si on l'exécute,
-  le contenu du fichier est passé comme argument à <tt>programme</tt>
-  (qui est généralement un interpréteur)
-</p>
-<p><tt>#!/bin/bash</tt> signifie que le corps du fichier est passé au
-  programme <tt>bash</tt> qui est l'interprète de commande
-  (le <i>shell</i>).
-</p>
-</div>
-<div class="sws-slide">
-<h1>Que mettre dans un script</h1>
-<ul>
-  <li> des commandes (comme si on les entrait dans le terminal)</li>
-  <li> des structures de contrôle (boucles <tt>for</tt>, <tt>if then
-  else</tt>) </li>
-  <li> des définitions de variables </li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<div class="sws-slide">
-<h1>Définitions de variables</h1>
-<p>On peut définir des variables au moyen de la notation
-<code>VARIABLE=<i>contenu</i></code> et on peut utiliser la variable
-avec la notation <tt>$VARIABLE</tt> </p>
-<ul>
-  <li>Attention, pas d'espace autour du <tt>=</tt></li>
-  <li>nom de variable en majuscule ou minuscule</li>
-  <li>contenu est une chaine de caractères. Si elle contient des
-  espaces, utiliser <tt>" ... "</tt></li>
-</ul>
-<p>exemple de définition :</p>
-<code>    i=123
-    j="Ma super chaine"
-    TOTO=titi
-    echo $TOTO
-</code>
-<p> exemple d'utilisation: <tt> echo $j $i $TOTO </tt><br/>
-affiche « <tt> Ma super chaine 123 titi</tt></p>
-</div>
-<div class="sws-slide">
-<h1>Boucles <tt>for</tt></h1>
-<p>Les boucles <tt> for </tt> ont la syntaxe:
-<code>
-    for VARIABLE in elem<sub>1</sub> ... elem<sub>n</sub>
-    do
-        ....
-    done
-</code>
-chaque <tt>elem<sub>i</sub></tt> est expansé (comme une ligne de
-commande) avant l'évaluation de la boucle:
-<code>
-  for i in *.txt
-  do
-     echo $i est un fichier texte
-  done
-</code>
-On peut quitter une boucle prématurément en utilisant <tt>break</tt>
-et passer directement au tour suivant avec <tt>continue</tt>
-</p>
-</div>
-<div class="sws-slide">
-<h1>Conditionnelle</h1>
-<p>La syntaxe est :
-<code>   if <i>commande</i>
-   then
-        ...
-   else
-        ...
-   fi
-</code>
-<tt><i>commande</i></tt> est évaluée. Si elle se termine avec succès,
-la branche <tt>then</tt> est prise. Si elle se termine avec un code
-d'erreur, la branche <tt>else</tt> est prise. On peut utiliser la
-commande <tt>test</tt> qui permet de tester plusieurs conditions
-(existance d'un fichier, égalités de deux nombres, ...) et se termine
-par un succès si le teste est vrai et par un code d'erreur dans le
-cas contraire</p>
-</div>
-<div class="sws-slide">
-<h1>Conditionnelle (exemple)</h1>
-<p>On regarde tour à tour si fichier1.txt, fichier2.txt, ... existent :
-<code>
-  for i in 1 2 3 4 5 6
-  do
-    if test -f "fichier$i".txt
-   then
-      echo le fichier "fichier$i".txt existe
-   fi
-  done
-</code>
-</p>
-  </div>
-<div class="sws-slide">
-<h1>Sous-commandes et chaines</h1>
-<p>Il est pratique de pouvoir mettre <a>l'affichage d'une commande</a>
-  dans une variable. On utilise <tt>$( commande ... )</tt>:
-<code>
-  MESFICHIER=$(ls *.txt)
-  for i in $MESFICHIER
-  do
-       echo Fichier: $i
-  done
-</code>
-Attention à la présence de guillemets autour des variables. S'il y a
-f1.txt et f2.txt dans le répertoire courant:<br/>
-<code style="left:10%;position:relative;width:40%;float:left;">
-  MESFICHIER=$(ls *.txt)
-  for i in $MESFICHIER
-  do
-       echo Fichier: $i
-  done
-<s>affiche:</s>
-  Fichier: f1.txt
-  Fichier: f2.txt
-</code>
-<code style="width:40%;float:left;left:10%;position:relative">
-  MESFICHIER=$(ls *.txt)
-  for i in "$MESFICHIER"
-  do
-       echo Fichier: $i
-  done
-<s>affiche:</s>
-  Fichier: f1.txt f2.txt
-</code>
-</p>
-</div>
-<div class="sws-slide">
-<h1>Commandes utiles</h1>
-<ul>
-  <li><tt>seq <i>m</i> <i>n</i> </tt> : affiche la liste de tous les
-  nombres entre <i>m</i> <i>n</i> </li>
-<li><tt>echo ... </tt> affiche ses arguments sur la sortie
-  standard</li>
-<li><tt>printf "chaine" ... </tt> affiche ses arguments au moyen d'une
-  chaine de format (comme le printf de C)</li>
-<li><tt>date</tt> : affiche la date courante </li>
-<li><tt>cut</tt> : découpe une chaine selon des caractères de
-  séparations ou des positions</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<h1>Programmes non interactifs</h1>
-<div class="sws-slide">
-  <h1>Processus de type <i>daemon</i></h1>
-<p>
-  Un <i>daemon</i> (prononcé démon) est un processus
-  qui <em>non-interactif</em> qui tourne en tâche de fond (pas
-  d'entrée/sortie sur le terminal, pas d'interface graphique, …). On
-  communique avec ce processus via des <em>signaux</em> ou en lisant
-  ou écrivant dans des fichiers ou connexions réseau. Le plus souvent,
-  leur but est de fournir un <em>service</em>
-</p>
-<p>Exemple de scénario: « <i> Les utilisateurs doivent interagir avec
-    le matériel. L'accès au matériel demande des droits
-    administrateur.</i> »
-</p>
-<ul class="empty">
-  <li>Solution 1 : tout le monde est administrateur (DOS, Win XP,
-  …)</li>
-  <li>Solution 2 : on crée un programme particulier qui a les
-  privilèges suffisants pour la tâche en question. Les utilisateurs
-  communiquent avec ce programme</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<div class="sws-slide">
-  <h1>Quelques <i>daemons</i> sous Linux</h1>
-<table class="simple">
-<tr><th>Nom</th> <th>Description</th> </tr>
-<tr><td>sshd</td> <td><i>shell</i> distant sécurisé</td> </tr>
-<tr><td>crond</td> <td>exécution périodique de programmes</td> </tr>
-<tr><td>cupsd</td> <td>serveur d'impressions</td> </tr>
-<tr><td>pulseaudio</td> <td>serveur de son (mixe les sons des
-    différentes applications)</td> </tr>
-<tr><td>udevd</td> <td>détection de matériel <i>hotplug</i></td></tr>
-<tr><td>nfsd</td> <td>serveur de fichier réseau</td></tr>
-<tr><td>smtpd</td> <td>livraison des e-mail</td></tr>
-<tr class="sws-pause"><td><em>httpd</em></td> <td>serveur de pages Web</td></tr>
-</table>
-</div>
-<div class="sws-slide">
-<h1>Architecture client-serveur</h1>
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-<p>
-  <br/><br/>
-  Des processus <span style="color:blue;">clients</span> communiquent
-  avec le <span style="color:orange;">serveur</span> à travers le
-  réseau. Les clients sont indépendant et ne communiquent pas entre
-  eux. <em>Attention</em> plusieurs clients peuvent se trouver su la
-  même machine physique!
-</p>
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-<div class="sws-slide">
-  <h1>Architecture client-serveur</h1>
-<ul>
-  <li>Le serveur attend des connexions entrantes</li>
-  <li>Les clients peuvent se connecter à tout moment</li>
-  <li>L'application client est généralement légère, envoie une
-  requête au serveur et attend un résultat</li>
-  <li>Le serveur est une application plus lourde qui:
-    <ul><li>effectue des calculs trop coûteux pour le client</li>
-      <li>gère l'accès à une ressource distante partagée<br/>…</li>
-    </ul>
-  </li>
-</ul>
-<p>Exemples: serveur de bases de données, serveur mail, serveur Web,
-  terminal de carte bancaire, …</p>
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